•  
  •  
 

Keywords

liberal arts education, democracy, Amazigh community, cultural representation, Morocco, critical multicultural curriculum

Special Issue

Winter 2025: Higher Education in Gulf Region

Abstract

This study investigates the role of liberal arts and sciences (LAS) education in fostering democratization through the representation of Morocco’s Amazigh community. Drawing on interviews and focus groups with Amazigh students at Al Akhawayn University (AUI), the research employs a qualitative framework to explore themes of linguistic identity, curriculum inclusivity, and institutional support. Findings reveal gaps in cultural representation despite AUI’s commitment to global citizenship, highlighting the need for representative curriculum, cultural programming, and faculty representing that community. The study contributes to comparative higher education by underscoring LAS institutions’ potential to advance democracy through equitable representation of marginalized groups. Recommendations include integrating Amazigh language courses, amplifying cultural events, and addressing systemic barriers to inclusion.

References

Ait Laaguid, B. (2025). From margins to mainstream: Probing the Amazigh-in-Education policy in Morocco. Journal of Digital Sociohumanities, 2(1), 41-57. DOI : 10.25077/jds.2.1.41-57.2025

Alalou, A. (2023). The sociolinguistic situation in North Africa: Recognizing and institutionalizing Tamazight and new challenges. Annual Review of Linguistics, 9(1), 155-170.

Amharech, A. (2022). The Indigenous World 2022: Morocco. International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs. https://www.iwgia.org/en/morocco/4639-iw-2022-morocco.html

Becker, J. (2014). What a liberal arts and sciences education is... and is not. Contemporary Liberal Arts and Sciences Education: Experiences form the United States and Europe in the context of Russian Education (Svobondyi iskusstva i nauki na sovremennon tape), Saint Petersburg: SPbGU, 12-40.

Belhiah, H., Majdoubi, M., & Safwate, M. (2020). Language revitalization through the media: A case study of Amazigh in Morocco. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 2020(266), 121–141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijsl-2020-2114

Benchenna, A., Ksikes, D., & Marchetti, D. (2020). Media in Morocco: A highly political economy. In Media and Politics in the Southern Mediterranean (pp. 212-234). Routledge.

Bonhomme, I. H. (2024). (Re) Producing Timuzgha Through Moroccan Cooperatives (Master's thesis, State University of New York at Binghamton).

Chahid, A., Ahriz, S., El Guemmat, K., & Mansouri, K. (2025). Digital transformation in higher education obstacle assessment and development of strategies against cybersecurity threats: The case of Moroccan universities. Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, 15(1), 19809-19815. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.8853

Chtatou, M. (2023). Understanding and maximizing diversity education in the MENA Region. In H. Abouabdelkader & B. Tomalin. (eds). Diversity Education in the MENA Region. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-42693-3_14

Clarke, A. E., Friese, C., & Washburn, R. S. (2017). Situational analysis: Grounded theory after the interpretive turn. Sage publications.

Clarke, A. E. (2022). Situating grounded theory and situational analysis in interpretive qualitative inquiry. In E. Clark. Situational analysis in practice (pp. 47-96). Routledge.

Crawford, D., & Hoffman, K. E. (2000). Essentially Amazigh: Urban Berbers and the global village. The Arab-African and Islamic Worlds: Interdisciplinary Studies, 119, 117-131.

Elbahraoui, H., & Kliakhandler, I. (2024). Discovery of a vast corpus of Berber arraten documents. Journal of North African Studies, 29(6), 1052–1073. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629387.2024.2392515

Eisenlohr, P. (2004). Language revitalization and new technologies: Cultures of electronic mediation and the refiguring of communities. Annu. Rev. Anthropol., 33(1), 21-45. 5 doi: 10.1146/annurev.anthro.33.070203.14390

Ennaji, M. (2014). The Berber (Amazigh) movement in Morocco: Local activism, the state, and transnationalism 1. In M. Ennaju Multiculturalism and Democracy in North Africa (pp. 92-112). Routledge.

Genheimer, E., (2016) The impact of minority faculty and staff involvement on minority student experiences. Master of Arts in Higher Education (MAHE) Theses: Taylor University. https://pillars.taylor.edu/mahe/23

Graziela N. M. Dekeyser, Calvin G. Swicegood & Orhan Agirdag (2024) Multilingual children living in multilingual families: Investigating factors impacting children’s happiness, International Journal of Multilingualism, 21(4), 1741-1756, DOI: 10.1080/14790718.2023.2233538

Idhssaine, A. (2022). The evolution of the status and teaching of Amazigh in Morocco: From marginalization to institutionalization. Journal of Language Teaching, 2(12), 1-7. doi.org/10.54475/jlt.2022.016

Idhssaine, A. (2020). Moroccans’ attitudes towards Amazigh language teaching: Patterns and perspectives. Applied Linguistics Research Journal, 4(3), 52-64.

Kaur, J., Bhalla, P., Nagina, R., & Dutt, A. (2025). Historical foundations and key drivers of transnational higher education. In F. Naseer, C. Yu , R. Dulloo , M. M. Abdul Kader, M. Shaheen (Eds.). Bridging Global Divides for Transnational Higher Education in the AI Era. (pp. 29-48). IGI Global Scientific Publishing. DOI: 10.4018/979-8-3693-7016-2.ch002

Myers, S. M., & Myers, C. B. (2020). The impact of expenditures and financial aid on racial gaps in institutional graduation rates in the US. Journal of Underrepresented & Minority Progress, 4(2), 143-164. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32674/jump.v4i2.1841

Moustaoui, A. (2017). Language policy and planning in Morocco: a critical approach: A critical approach. In The Routledge handbook of Arabic linguistics (pp. 531-545). Routledge.

Qorib, M. (2024). Analysis of differentiated instruction as a learning solution in student diversity in inclusive and moderate education. IJRS: Internasional Journal Reglement Society 5(1), 43-55.

Rana, D. K. (2024). Quality education for underrepresented groups: Bridging the gap. International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences, 9(1), 212-219. IJELS-2024, 9(1), (ISSN: 2456-7620) (Int. J of Eng. Lit. and Soc. Sci.) https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijels.91.28

Sadiqi, F. (2011). The teaching of Amazigh (Berber) in Morocco. 33-44. In J. A. Fishman and O. Garcia (Eds.) Handbook of language and ethnic identity: The success-failure continuum in language and ethnic identity efforts. volume 2 (pp. 33-44). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Said, K. (2023). Amazighs in Moroccan EFL textbooks: An integrated critical discourse analysis. Cogent Arts & Humanities, 10(1), PP 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2022.2158629

Silverstein, P. (2023). The productive plurality of Tamazgha: Boundaries, intersections, frictions. Tamazgha Studies Journal, 1(1), 23.

Sleeter, C. E. (2024). Critical multicultural education: Theory and practice. Teachers College Press.

Soulaimani, D. (2023). “Purement Amazigh”: Investigating embodied ideologies and linguistic practices in Morocco. Multilingua, 42(5), 649-674. doi.org/10.1515/multi-2022-0121

Swargiary, K. (2024). Nurturing responsible citizens: The role of social science education. Lambert Academic Publishing (LAP).

Touaf, L. (2019). Constructing a new national narrative: Morocco from multi-culturalism to interculturalism. In N. Mokhtari (Ed.) Dialogic configurations in post-colonial Morocco: Rethorical conjectures in arts, culture and politics (pp. 61-70). Rabat: UIR.

Valladares, L. (2021). Scientific literacy and social transformation: Critical perspectives about science participation and emancipation. Science & Education, 30(3), 557-587.

Zakhir M., (2023) The challenges of Amazigh in education in Morocco, Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 46(4), 1127–1141. DOI: 10.1080/01434632.2023.2226638

Share

COinS
 
 

To view the content in your browser, please download Adobe Reader or, alternately,
you may Download the file to your hard drive.

NOTE: The latest versions of Adobe Reader do not support viewing PDF files within Firefox on Mac OS and if you are using a modern (Intel) Mac, there is no official plugin for viewing PDF files within the browser window.