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Policies

This document provides details on typesetting and layout requirements pertaining to final manuscript submission to Journal of Comparative & International Higher Education.

Formatting for Entire Article

  • Each Manuscript must follow these Headings:
  • Abstract
  • Abstract in non-English Language
  • Introduction
  • Literature Review
  • Theoretical Construct
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Discussion
  • Conclusion

    DISCLOSURE OF AI USE: CITING AI USE:To maintain academic integrity, you must disclose the use of Generative AI tools using APA 7th edition. If you use AI to start your research or as a tool for brainstorming, you MUST include a use in-text citations and reference. Also include a statement describing the specific AI tool(s) or resources you used and how you used them. This means you must give credit to the AI tool(s) employed. In addition, any use of Generative AI tolls must be disclosed in the submission letter to the editor.

    Formatting Requirements

    • Do not include a title page or abstract. (Begin the document with the introduction; a title page, including the abstract, will be added to your paper by the editors.)
    • Do not include page numbers, headers, or footers. These will be added by the editors.
    • JCIHE does not accept footnotes or endnotes. Include all pertinent information in-text.
    • Write your article in English (unless the journal expressly permits non-English submissions).
    • Submit your manuscript, including tables, figures, appendices, etc., as a single file (Word, RTF, or PDF files are accepted).
    • Details on Formatting
    • Page size should be in portrait mode.
    • All margins (left, right, top and bottom) should be 1 inch , including your tables and figures.
    • 1.5 space your text.
    • Use a single column layout with Align Left.
    • Font:
      1. Main Body—12 pt. Please use Calibri 12, Arial 12, Lucida Sans Unicode 10, Times New Roman 12, and Georgia 11
        2. li>APA 7th Edition uses 4 levels of heading:
        • Level 1: Centered, Boldface, Title Case Heading: Level 1 Heading. Text starts new paragraph.
        • Level 2: Flush left, Boldface, Title Case Heading: Level 1 Heading. Text starts a new paragraph
        • Level 3: Flush Left, Boldface Italicized, Title Case Heading: Level 1 Heading. Text starts a new paragraph
        • Level 4: Indented, Boldface Italicized, Title Case Heading Ending With a Period: Level 1 Heading. Paragraph text continues on the same line as the same paragraph.
    • If figures are included, use high-resolution figures, preferably encoded as encapsulated PostScript (eps).
    • Copyedit your manuscript.
    • When possible, there should be no pages where more than a quarter of the page is empty space.

    Additional Recommendations

    Indenting, Line Spacing, and Justification

    Indent all paragraphs. An indent should be at least 2 em-spaces.

    Do not insert extra space between paragraphs of text with the exception of long quotations, theorems, propositions, special remarks, etc. These should be set off from the surrounding text by additional space above and below.

    Don't "widow" or "orphan" text (i.e., ending a page with the first line of a paragraph or beginning a page with the last line of a paragraph).

    All text should be Align Left (i.e., flush with the left margin—except where indented). "Where possible" refers to the quality of the justification. For example, LaTeX and TeX do an excellent job of justifying text. Word does a reasonable job. But some word processors do a lousy job (e.g., they achieve right justification by inserting too much white space within and between words).

    Language & Grammar

    All submissions must be in English. Preferences is for US-English, but other forms of English are allowed. The use of foreign words and phrases are allowed as needed.

    Authors should use proper, standard English grammar. The Elements of Style by William Strunk, Jr. and E. B. White (now in its fourth edition) is the "standard" guide, but other excellent guides (e.g., The Chicago Manual of Style, University of Chicago Press) exist as well.

    Article Length

    Because this journal publishes electronically, page limits are not as relevant as they are in the world of print publications. We are happy, therefore, to let authors take advantage of this greater "bandwidth" to include material that they might otherwise have to cut to get into a print journal. This said, authors should exercise some discretion with respect to length. Empirical articles are up to 7,500 words and Essays are up to 4,500 words.

    Colored text

    Set the font color to black for the majority of the text. We encourage authors to take advantage of the ability to use color in the production of figures, maps, etc., however, you need to appreciate that this will cause some of your readers problems when they print the document on a black & white printer. For this reason, you are advised to avoid the use of colors in situations where their translation to black and white would render the material illegible or incomprehensible.

    Please ensure that there are no colored mark-ups or comments in the final version, unless they are meant to be part of the final text. (You may need to "accept all changes" in track changes or set your document to "normal" in final markup.)

    Emphasized text

    Whenever possible use italics to indicate text you wish to emphasize rather than underlining it. The use of color to emphasize text is discouraged.

    Font faces

    Except, possibly, where special symbols are needed, use Times or the closest comparable font available.

    Font size

    The main body of text should be set in 12pt. Avoid the use of fonts smaller than 6pt.

    Foreign terms

    Whenever possible, foreign terms should be set in italics rather than underlined.

    Headings

    Headings (e.g., start of sections) should be distinguished from the main body text by their fonts. Use APA 7th Edition Headings style. There should be space above and below 1st and 2nd level headings.

    Main text

    The font for the main body of text must be black and, if at all possible, in Times or closest comparable font available.

    Titles

    Whenever possible, titles of books, movies, etc., should be set in italics rather than underlined.

    Tables and Figures

    To the extent possible, tables and figures should appear in the document near where they are referenced in the text. Large tables or figures should be put on pages by themselves. Avoid the use of overly small type in tables. In no case should tables or figures be in a separate document or file. All tables and figures must fit within 1" margins on all sides (top, bottom, left and right) in both portrait and landscape view.

  • Place tables/figures in landscape format. All tables/charts should be smaller than 6x9; images with a high resolution e.g., 300 dpi. Each table/figure should appear in one page. All illustrations, figures, and tables are placed within the text at the appropriate points, rather than at the end.

    • Mathematics

    Roman letters used in mathematical expressions as variables should be italicized. Roman letters used as part of multi-letter function names should not be italicized. Whenever possible, subscripts and superscripts should be a smaller font size than the main text.

    Short mathematical expressions should be typed inline. Longer expressions should appear as display math. Also expressions using many different levels (e.g., such as the fractions) should be set as display math. Important definitions or concepts can also be set off as display math.

    Equations should be numbered sequentially. Whether equation numbers are on the right or left is the choice of the author(s). However, you are expected to be consistent in this.

    Symbols and notation in unusual fonts should be avoided. This will not only enhance the clarity of the manuscript, but it will also help insure that it displays correctly on the reader's screen and prints correctly on her printer. When proofing your document under PDF pay particular attention to the rendering of the mathematics, especially symbols and notation drawn from other than standard fonts.

    References

    It is the author's obligation to provide complete references with the necessary information. After the last sentence of your submission, please insert a line break—not a page break—and begin your references on the same page, if possible. References should appear right after the end of the document, beginning on the last page if possible. References should have margins that are both left and right- justified. You may choose not to right-justify the margin of one or more references if the spacing looks too awkward.

  • In-Text Citations
  • All sources listed in the references must be In-Text using APA 7th Edition Style (Last name, date). For example: (Piplani-Kapur et al., 2025).
  • If using a quote, please add the page or paragraph number (Last name, Date, page). For example: (Fakunle, 2024, p. 22).
  • If more than two authors, use: 1st author last name et al., date). For example: (Kang & Metcalfe, 2019).
  • References
  • Each reference should follow APA 7th Edition Style. All authors should be listed with last names of all the authors, first names initials, and, optionally, their middle initials. The hierarchy for ordering the references is:

    1. Last name of first author
    2. First initial of first author
    3. Last name of second author (if any).
    4. First initial of second author
    5. When listing in the references, the Co-authored work is listed after solo-authored work by the same first author (e.g., Edlin, A. S. would precede Edlin, A. S., & Reichelstein, S).
    6. Publication date
    7. Title of article
    8. Source (with DOI#)
    9. Order cited in text

    The information to be given with each citation in the references is as follows:

    Articles in traditional journals:

    Required: Author's (authors') last name(s), Author's (authors') First name initial. Date, title of article, name of journal, volume number, issue number, page numbers, DOI #.

    . For forthcoming (in press) articles, put expected year of publication and substitute "forthcoming" for the volume and page numbers.

    A hyperlink to the article is allowed.

  • Capitalize ONLY the 1st word
  • Italicize the name of the journal
  • See examples:
  • Single Author: Fakunle, O. (2024). Conceptualizing centrality in micro-level internationalization through a decolonial approach. Journal of Comparative & International Higher Education, 16(5), 170-187. https://doi.org/10.32674/9rdmeg58
  • Two Authors:
  • More than Two Authors: da Silva, J.E., Martinez, J.Z., & Chiappa, R. (2023). Um Pouco Mais de Calma: Identifying the Trampas of Decolonizing Internationalization of Higher Education and Academy in the Global South. Journal of Comparative and International Higher Education 15(5), online. https://doi.org/10.32674/jcihe.v15i5.5823

    Books:

    Required: Author's (authors') last name(s), Author's (authors' first initial, date, title of book, publisher. For forthcoming (in press) books, put expected year of publication and add "forthcoming."

    See as example: Raby, R.L., & Valeau, E.J. (2018). Handbook on Comparative Issues of Community Colleges and Global Counterparts. Dordrecht. Springer Publishers

    Chapters in collections or anthologies:

    Required: Last Name(s) of author(s) of chapter, First name initial of author(s), date, title of chapter, in name(s) of editor(s) of book, title of book, publisher, and edition (if not first). For forthcoming (in press) books, put expected year of publication and add "forthcoming."

    See example: Johnson, L. R. & Sandhu, D. S. (2007). Isolation, adjustment, and acculturation issues of international students: Intervention strategies for counselors. In A handbook for counseling international students in the United States. Edited by H. Singaravelu & M. Pope, (pp. 13-35). American Counseling Association.

    Working papers:

    Required: Author's (authors') name(s), title of working paper, year (or "n.d." if no date), location (e.g., "Department of Economics Working Paper, University of California, Berkeley" or "Author's web site: http://www.someurl.edu/author." If the working paper is part of series, then the series name and the number of the working paper within the series must also be given.

    Other works:

    Required: Author's (authors') name(s), title of work, year (or "n.d." if no date), and information about how the reader could obtain a copy.

    Within the references section, the citations can be formatted as you like, provided (i) the formatting is consistent and (ii) each citation begins with the last name of the first author. That is, the following would all be acceptable:

    Smith, Adam (1776) The Wealth of Nations, . . .
    Smith, A., The Wealth of Nations, . . . , 1776. 
    Smith, Adam: The Wealth of Nations, 1776, . . .
     

    Use hanging indents for citations (i.e., the first line of the citation should be flush with the left margin and all other lines should be indented from the left margin by a set amount). Citations should be single-spaced with extra space between citations.

    When works by the same author are listed in a row, use — instead of writing the name again. Hence, one might have

    Smith, Adam: The Wealth of Nations, . . .
    —: The Theory of Moral Sentiments, . . .
     

    Similarly, instead of repeating two names use

    "— and —."

    For instance,

    Edlin, A. and S. Reichelstein (1995) . . .
— and — (1996) . . .
     

    Within the text of your manuscript, use the author-date method of citation. For instance, 

    "As noted by Smith (1776)."
     

    When there are two authors, use both last names. For instance,

    "Edlin and Reichelstein (1996) claim . . . "
     

    In-text, if there are three or more authors give the last name of the first author and append et al. For instance, a 1987 work by Abel, Baker, & Charley, would be cited as

    "Abel et al. (1987)."
     

    If two or more cited works share the same authors and dates, use "a," "b," and so on to distinguish among them. For instance,

    "Jones (1994b) provides a more general analysis of the model introduced
in Example 3 of Jones (1994a)."
     

    After the first cite in the text using the author-date method, subsequent cites can use just the last names if that would be unambiguous. For example, Edlin & Reichelstein (1996).

    When citations appear within parentheses, use commas—rather than parentheses or brackets—to separate the date from the surrounding text. For instance, 

    " ...(see Smith, 1776, for an early discussion of this)."
     
  • Examples Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. Free Press. Dorroll, C., Hall, K., Blouke, C., & Witsell, E. (2019). Virtual exchange pedagogy: A digital humanities approach. Journal of Comparative and International Higher Education 11(1), 3-10. https://doi.org/10.32674/jcihe.v11iSpring Institute of International Education. (2013). International students at all institutions, 2001/02-2012/13. http://www.iie.org/opendoors Johnson, L. R. & Sandhu, D. S. (2007). Isolation, adjustment, and acculturation issues of international students: Intervention strategies for counselors. In A handbook for counseling international students in the United States. Edited by H. Singaravelu & M. Pope, (pp. 13-35). American Counseling Association. Kang, J-J., & Metcalfe, A.S. (2019). Living and learning between Canada and Korea: The academic experiences and cultural challenges of undergraduate international exchange students. Journal of Comparative and International Higher Education 11(2), 28-36. https://doi.org/10.32674/jcihe.v11iFall
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