Document Type

Article

Disciplines

International Law

Abstract

This Article argues that, while the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ("UNFCCC") remains a foundational institution for global climate governance, it is insufficient on its own to address the scale and urgency of the climate crisis. It advocates for a strengthened UNFCCC, supported by complementary institutional arrangements to drive deeper international cooperation. The analysis begins by outlining the scientific and economic imperatives for robust global climate governance. It then critically evaluates the UNFCCC's performance, focusing on its historical evolution, legal architecture, and compliance challenges. Building on this assessment, the paper explores pathways for institutional reform, including enhanced enforcement mechanisms and more ambitious implementation strategies. It also examines alternative frameworks such as climate clubs among major emitters, polycentric governance models, and energy-focused international initiatives. The roles ofnon-state actors and multilevel governance are discussed as critical components in expanding the reach and impact of climate action. Considerations of equity, justice, and loss and damage are integrated to assess the fairness and legitimacy of these emerging governance approaches. The paper concludes with a set offorward-looking policy recommendations aimed at developing a more inclusive, accountable, and effective global climate regime that can meet the demands of a rapidly changing climate landscape.

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